Heart development as a critical embryonic developmental process is tightly regulated on the cellular and molecular level. If this process goes awry, it will lead to congenital heart diseases (CHD), which accounts for a significant portion of stillbirths and is present in 1-2% of all live births. The Li lab is using advanced techniques including human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), single-cell RNA sequencing, single molecular in situ hybridization, CRISPR/Cas9, and tissue cleaning methods to decode the spatial and temporal information of each single cardiac cells. Meanwhile, with the knowledge gained from the study of basic cardiac lineage regulations, the lab is also exploring the lineage defects in congenital heart diseases using patient-derived iPSCs.